Things Fall apart- Ch. 14- 25

Chapter 1

-Some of Okonkwo’s main characteristics as he is depicted in the first few chapters are strong, violent, rich, successful, respected, tall, and impatient. He is strong because he wrestles and is well known for defeating Amalinze the Cat. He is violent because he cannot control his temper and he gets frustrated stammering his words. He is rich and successful because he has two barns full of yams and 3 wives. He is respected since he possesses all of the previous qualities. He is impatient when it comes to unsuccessful men and his father.

His father, Unoka, was poor, peaceful, and unsuccessful. He barely had enough for his family to eat and he was always borrowing money. He was not a man of war and was terrified of blood. He and Okonkwo are basically opposites.

Kola is described without being explained because he uses words that help to understand what it is.

Social functions of a city that earns respect based on titles are probably full of violence because they earn titles through fighting and competing.

Chapter 2

-During the night people stay inside and keep quiet because they fear evil spirits. For their fear of snakes at night they do not call them “snakes” they call them “strings”.

The conflict with Mbaino was caused by the death of a woman from Umuofia. People from Mbaino killed her when she was at the market. The women are considered the daughters of the tribe and the men are protective of them.

The point of taking Ikemefuna was to add him to the clan and to take him away from Mbaino. His fate hadn’t been decided but living with Okonkwo and his temper would be a challenge in itself.

In order to overcompensate his father’s weaknesses, Okonkwo hates everything that his father loved. He is unusual for his culture because of how strong he is and the amount of fear he had within himself and directed towards him. He views women as he views his father, without title and weak. He dislikes his son Nwoye so much because he is lazy so he nags at him and beats him in hopes of changing him.

Chapter 3

-Women are not powerful in this culture, and are merely the wives of the men. She is significant because she is very powerful.

Rank is demonstrated during the wine drinking because the first to drink the wine amongst the wives was the first wife, then the second, third, and so on. The rank of people is well recognized.

Share cropping only allows the man who harvests everything to keep 1/3 of his crops while giving the rest to the man who gave him them in the first place. In Okonkwo’s case, he had no other choice.

Women’s relationship to agriculture was much like the relationship with their culture. They were only allowed to grow “women’s crops” and Yam was a man’s crop.

After surviving “the worst year in living memory”, Okonkwo felt that he could survive anything.

Chapter 4

- Okonkwo is respect and successful. Some faults are that he is too impatient and he is a harsh man and thinks low of women. He just speaks out without thinking. If a man can make himself successful then his personal god agreed that he was successful and not just lucky. Okonkwo does not like to show feelings that are positive so although he likes Ikemefuna internally, he does not let it show. Okonkwo beats his wife during the week of peace which is a really big deal because there is not suppose to be any harm done this week in order to make peace with the gods and show respect to ancestors. The culture believes firmly in the Gods and is generally a more violent and or abusive place. It was okay at that time to beat a woman whereas now it’s not allowed. The rainmaker does not like to change the weather at a time of a bad storm or dry spell for his own good fortune.

Chapter 5
-Okonkwo does not enjoy the feasts as much as the rest of the people in the village. He would rather be out in the fields instead of waiting to feast or finish. Ikwefi had cut the leaves on the tree and Okonkwo thought that it was dead so he beat her. Then she got a second beating when she murmured a comment towards him. She is sort of outspoken and says things that get her a beating. She was the village beauty at one point and was worth more than Okonkwo could afford at one point. She loves the wrestling matches as well. The significance of women having to sit with their legs together is the same as it is in present day. In a way it represents a sexual meaning. By keeping their legs closed it makes them more of a lady rather than a “slut” and it shows that they’re suppose to act very appropriate and lady-like.

Chapter 6

-In the ordinary life Chielo was a wido with two children and she shared a common shed in the market with Ekwefi. When the spirit of Agbala was upon her and she prophesied, she was the priestess of Ogbala, the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves. She was very fond of Ezinma and believes that she will not die since she lived past the age of six.

Chapter 7

-Nwoye had begun to act like a man because of Ikemefuna, who kindled a new fire in him. He made him feel like a grown up. Now the boys had started to sit in Okonkwo’s obi and listen to grown men stories rather than his mother’s children stories. He also feigned annoyance and grumbled aloud about women and their troubles. That is what Okonkwo associates with his manliness, the fact that he could one day control his women and children, but mostly women. The village is excited and everyone starts to pray. By nighttime everyone is out filling their baskets and roasting them by morning. When they killed Ikemefuna, Okonkwo was asked not to take part in it because Ikemefuna had started to call Okonkwo father. They probably decided to kill him because he was not part of their tribe and he had become to accustomed to the tribe and Okonkwo’s family. The songs significance is in that language, if it were translated to English, it would probably have lost all meaning. Okonkwo does not want to show fear or that he is a coward so he participates in the killing of Ikemefuna as well.

Chapter 8

-Okonkwo thinks that Ezinma has the right attitude and he thinks she’d be better as a boy. He looked at her and thought, why couldn’t she be a boy. The custom of paying substantial wealth for the privilege of marrying a young woman does seem to give them more value. It allows the men to understand that women are worth the money to be their wives and bear their children. The women probably think more highly of themselves depending on the amount spent on them. Then again they probably just fee like an item being sold and bought without a choice. I think that woman got married at a younger age in the earlier days and in this particular case because people died at a much younger age in earlier years than now.

Chapter 9

-Ekwefi prizes her daughter so much because out of the ten children she had, Ezinma had been the only one to survive. She had started to lose all faith after the first nine had died and then finally she got Ezinma and she was her pride and joy. The ogbanje is the evil within a child being reborn through the rest of the mother’s pregnancies. Achebe does validate the belief in ogbanje because once the pebble is found that Ezinma had buried, she no longer got sick. There are also specialized doctors for ogbanje so it must occur often.

Chapter 10

-The women fear the ogwugwu because it is mainly a man’s ceremony and they are suppose to be scared of them because it’s a man’s world. The functions of the ceremony seem to be to solve big problems that occur in their village. The Evil Forest refutes the argument of Uzowulu by telling him he must bring her wine to try and get her back since it is his wife. The families cause more problems because they get in between the business of the husband and wife. In this case it was because she was being abused so it benefited the wife, but on the flip side, it doesn’t allow them to have a relationship amongst the two of them.

Chapter 11

The moral of the story is that those who lie and treat others badly end up behind the rest after they are put ahead. What goes around comes around. Since he had taken the food from the birds, they took the wings that they had given him. This reflects the values in their culture that they must offer those of higher rank wine. They must also try to keep peace with others and fairly work their way to the top. The incident involving the priestess of Agbala reflects the values of their culture because they care for one another a lot and they must allow those in higher power to do things such as take their children while trusting that she will return her safely.

Chapter 12

The importance of family is emphasized in the uri ceremony because not only does the family of the bride cook a ton of food, but the surrounding families also help to cook. Then the groom and his family offer a lot of wine to the other families and before they take the bride, the families spend time with each other. They take a lot of pride on the marriage of their children and everyone views it as an exciting celebration when the families meet together.

Chapter 13

The one-handed egwugwu praised the dead man by carrying a basket full of water and saying that if Ezeudu had been poor in his last life, he would be rich in his next, if he had been a coward, he would have courage, and if he had died youn, he would get life. Since he lived so long he just asks that he should come back again the way he came before. He also says that if a man caused it, do not allow him a moments rest. Shortly after, Okonkwo’s gun exploded and Ezeudu’s son was hit and killed. Although Okonkwo has killed people before this, I think it was because for one, it was at the father’s funeral, and second, their was no reason for it. It was an accident, but I think in their culture it is very serious if one kills someone for no apparent reason.

Chapter 14

-The significance of comparing Okonkwo to a fish out of water is that fish cannot function outside of their natural habitat. After a short while, they can no longer live, and they die. Okonkwo feels like he cannot function and he is the odd man in another village. Okonkwo’s lack of understanding of the importance of women reflects on his views. He does not understand those women are very important and are worth a certain price. He also doesn’t understand the importance of the women saving themselves for marriage.

Chapter 15

The story of the destruction of Abame summarizes the experience of colonization because they had no choice really. The white men came to their land, either killed them or converted them, and took over. It was a harsh reality but it is the reality of it. The people of Abame had been warned that white men would come and take over and something bad would happen yet they fought it, well alert that something would eventually happen. The two are completely foreign to each other and since the colonizers are in the land of the Africans, the Africans make fun of them and their language. Okonkwo says that you do not mess with a silent man and thinks that those of Abame are foolish. He believes that they are mad men by the way they speak of one God.

Chapter 16

Nwoye did not understand many things and he was a “lost boy”. He did not live up to his father’s expectations and Ikemefuna had been killed, which he did not understand. It is a strategy of the missionaries to appeal to those who are without title and unappealing. The Europeans have an Ibo who cannot speak properly which makes the natives seem uneducated and to the natives it makes the Europeans seem like a joke. The missionaries want to discredit traditional religion and introduce One God for all to know.

Chapter 17

-The people of the village believe there are many Gods and believes in their chi, the missionaries believe in One God and believe that the village people’s Gods are nothing. Granting the missionaries of a plot in the Evil Forest backfires because rather than killing them in a few days they survived and in turn got a few people to convert. The metaphor means that first there must be the great fire, Okonkwo, then there must be his ashes which are not great, just what’s left of the cold fire, and that is Nwoye.

Chapter 18
I think Achebe failed to mention the outcaste osu earlier because they were supposed to be outcasts. If they had been mentioned they would not have been so unknown. It is almost as if they were found through the missionaries. They were “nobodies” and outcasts who were turned into “somebodies” and people who fit in somewhere. Strategically, this was one of the missionary’s best moves.

Chapter 19

-The final speaker says that the younger generation does not understand the importance of a strong bond, which is why Christianity is taking over. People how have the option to leave one another to join the missionaries and this is breaking up the villages. He appreciates people like Okonkwo and says that with a strong bond and if they stick together, then the abomination wouldn’t happen.

Chapter 20

-Men of high titles were being punished and beat in prisons by the white men. The clan can no longer act like a clan and he says that they have fallen apart. This is the point that they finally say everything has fallen apart and is crumbling down. Their men are being hung and they are no longer fighting for themselves.

Chapter 21

-I think Some of the villagers, even those who are no converts to Christianity, welcome the British because they are ready for change. Although they are slow to admit it, they see that the changes the British have made have been beneficial to them. They have given them education, and the trade has earned Umuofia more money.

Chapter 22

-Rev Smith is different from Rev Brown because he saw things in black and white, and black was evil. He saw the world as a battlefield. Mr. Brown thought of nothing but numbers and Mr. Smith believed that God did not depend on large crowds. The result of his black and white thinking is the destruction of the church from the ancestors.

Chapter 23
The District Commissioner says that they want the Africans to act as they do under the ruling of their Queen. They want them to act under the court of law as they do in their country

Chapter 24
I think that he did not think about what he was doing and did it out of anger. If he had the support of his people it would have been a good decision. Since people questioned his action and do not stand behind him, he is now in this alone so it was probably not the best choice

Chapter 25

-I think Okonkwo kills himself partly because he knew he was in this battle alone. He had suggested many times to kill the white men, and nobody backed him up. Then he killed a missionary man, and people questioned him. I think he saw that people had changed, and turned against their clan. People were no longer willing to fight, and he could not do it alone, so he gave up. It’s sort of ironic because he is talking about a book that could be written that talks about the story of a man who killed a messenger and hanged himself. He says one could almost write a while chapter on him. Then he says perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph. This is being written at the end of a chapter that talked about just that. For the white missionary man it was just a story that he could write in a book, for the people of Umuofia, this was their life.

Biblical Allusions

The Fall:
A Serpant came to Eve and told her to eat the apple if she wanted to have the wisdom and knowledge of God. Eve in turn took the apple and also got Adam to eat it too. This is called The Fall because Adam and Eve fell from the grace of God because of their disobedience.

The Flood:
Noah was told by God to build an arch. The bible story actually tells the dimensions that the arch was suppose to be. God told Adam a great flood was coming that would wipe out all of life on earth because he was angry with all the disobedience on earth. The arch had to be big enough to hold one male and one female of every species on earth plus Adam and his family. Noah was ridiculed by everyone and no one would help hi. So when it rained for 40 days and 40 nights causing the great flood, everyone and everything not on the arch died.

The Creation:
The creation, according to both the Bible, and in Genesis, was when God began to create heaven and earth. This took six days and on the seventh day God ceased from his labors. This is an example of man: six days of labor and one day of rest. Throughout these six days God created light, darkness, the sky, the ocean, the moon, stars, the sun, animals, plants, and on the last day humans, which were the most dominant of them all. The creation of man is sharply distinguished from the other parts of the creation, and the creation of woman is described as a distinct act of God. Genesis 2:7 teaches that man did not exist as an animate being before he was a man; it was after the image of God.

The mark of Cain:
Cain was the child of Adam and Eve. He also had a brother named Abel. God required that in order to show respect and live for himself Adam, Eve and his family had to sacrifice their best animals and crops in his honor. Abel was a good and faithful servant to God. Cain wanted to keep the best for himself. Cain was selfish, greedy, and jealous of his brother Abel. So Cain killed Abel. This was the first murder. God knew Cain killed him. When he asked Cain where Abel was and he replied, “Am I my brother’s keeper?” God grew very angry. He struck him with a mark on his forehead for all to know he was evil.

Lot and his wife:
The prophet Abraham was previously told by God that he was going to wipe out the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. Abraham asked God if he could find 50 innocent people in the towns, if God would spare the place. Abraham kept going lower and lower in the nmber until he reached ten. At ten God said if you can find ten innocent people, I will spare the place. Abraham couldn’t find ten. There was only Lot, his wife, and his sons and daughters. God allowed the angels to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah but spared Lot’s family except for his wife was was turned into a pillar of salt for defiance.

Sodom and Gomorrah:
Sodom and Gomorrah were two towns famous for its sinners. The entire towns were full of people who Sodomized, gambled, got drunk, used prostitutes, etc. This was against everything God wanted for his people so he was going to send his angel of death to wipe out the entire place.

The Nativity:
There was a virgin named Mary who was made pregnant by the Holy Spirit (God) and her earthly husband, Joseph. In those days everyone was required to go to his or her birthplace to be counted. Because there were so many people in the cities, there wasn’t enough places to stay. The pregnant Marty went into labor and, after going door to door, was given a stable to give birth to her child in. There was a huge star in the sky that led the three wisemen and true believers to this stable where the baby was born- this baby was the Messiah Jesus Christ.

Lazarus:
Although there are two different stories, Lazarus the beggar and Lazarus the resurrected were combined into one. Lazarus was the brother of Martha and Mary Magdalene who lived in Bethany. During Christ’s absence, he took sick and died. After some delay, Christ returned and raised Lazarus from death. The miracle of it was that there were four days between his death and resurrection, there were a number of witnesses involved, and the health of Lazarus. The miracle illustrates Christ’s sympathy and power.

The Crucifixion
Crucifixion was on of the most cruel and barbarous forms of death known to man. The Crucifixion of Christ was a trial before the Jewish and Roman authorities. He was led forth for crucifixion. Before the actual ordeal itself, he was scourged. He was bent over, tied to a post, and the Romans lashed his back with pieces of bone or steel. After this, which was enough to kill him already, he was tied and nailed to the cross which caused great suffering. The slightest movement was significant torture.

The Denial
This was when Jesus met up with peter and told him after the third time that he denied him, the rooster would crow. So when a servant had said that Peter was with Jesus, Peter denied it for the first time. Then he denied it a second time when another lady shouted to the crowd that Peter was a follower of Jesus. Finally Peter was recognized as one of the disciples yet he still denied it. The rooster crow and Jesus looked at the embarrassment on Peter’s face.

Thirty pieces of silver
Judas Iscariot, one of the apostles, had betrayed Jesus. Wanting to arrest Jesus, but afraid to cause a riot Judas was bribed with 30 pieces of silver to betray Jesus. Some say that the guilt overcame him and he returned the money and hung himself, others say he bought a field which eventually became the field of blood.

David and Goliath (Philistines)
A Giant named Goliath had all of the Israelites, including their army, in fear. Everyone except for a young man by the name of David. He was originally sent to the battle field to find out about his family but when he saw everyone in fear, he wanted to fight. After threatening the giant, the giant ran toward David but he simply shot a stone at the Giant and while he was down, he killed him with his sword. The Israelites cut off the giant’s head and then chased the rest of the Philistines away.

Buddha/Buddhism
Buddhism is often described as a religion and a collection of various philosophies. To many, however, Buddhism is a set of spiritual teachings and practices rather than a religion. Buddhism is also known as Dhamma, meaning “The teachings of the awakened one.” This is because the Mahayanna tradition believes that Buddhism spreads to anything that is living and awakened.

Golgotha
Golgotha translates to “the skull.” Two explanation of the name are found: (1) It was a place of execution, and therefore abounded in skulls; (2) The place had the appearance of a skull when viewed from a short distance. The Gospels and tradition do not agree as to its location.

The Prodigal Son
This is a story that is often read on the third Sunday of lent. In the Gospel of Luke, Jesus tells the story of a man who has two sons. The younger brother demands his share of the inheritance while his father is still alive and he goes off to a distant place and wastes all of his money. Eventually he takes work as a swine herder. Eventually he comes to his senses and goes back to throw himself to his fathers mercy. Unexpectedly, his father greets him with open arms and they all celebrate. The older brother becomes jealous but the father responds by saying, “Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I have is thine. It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad: for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found.”

Revelations (Four Horsemen, Number of the Beast, etc)
The Book of Revelation, also known as the Revelation to John. It is the only biblical book that is wholly composed of apocalyptic literature. In the book John wrote about visions he had seen. His first vision was the first half of the book. The beast is connected to the number 666 which represents the anti-Christ.

Jonah and the whale
Jonah was a prophet from Galilee and was told by the lord to go to Nineveh to warn them to repent or they would suffer consequences. Rather than doing what he was told, he headed for Tarshish, Spain. Jonah hops on a boat but when a storm hits them and he confesses that he is hiding from the lord, they throw him overboard. As Jonah is sinking into the sea, a whale swallows him Here we see God’s great mercy.

Samson and Delilah
An angel from God predicts to Manoah, an Israelite that he and his wife will have a son that will start to deliver the Israelites from the Philistines. He was to keep from alcoholic beverages, unclean meat, and cutting his hair. Samson goes against what he is suppose to do and falls in love with a woman named Delilah who makes him shave his hair which is where he gets his strength. Since he went against the oath God leaves him and he is captured by the Philistines.

Moses and the flight from slavery in Egypt
God picked Moses to go to Egypt to free the Hebrews from the Pharaoh. After preparing, he left to Egypt and told the Pharaoh to let the Hebrews go. The Pharaoh refused. Even after Moses threatened him, he still would not budge. Moses tried to show his power but the Pharaoh was just as good. Finally, after the Pharaoh became sick. Moses led the Hebrews to safety.

Jane Eyre- AIMs

AIM #1 pg 1-14

A- “Where the dickens is she”” he continued. “Lizzy! Georgy! (Calling to his sisters) Jane is not here: tell mama she is run out in to the rain- bad animal.
-When talking about John the author uses words such as bullied, punished, feared, bewildered, terror, strike, abuse, disgusting, ugly

I-He calls her a bad animal, which starts to give character to the boy. It lets the reader see what kind of person he is and how he feels towards Jane.
- The author’s diction helps to characterize John

AIM # 2 pg 15-28

A-Rebel slave, desperation, mad cat, servant, and wickedness were all words the author used when talking about Jane in the beginning of chapter 2.
-“You out not to think yourself on an equality with the Misses Reed and Master Reed, because Missis kindly allows you to be brought up with them. They will have a great deal of money, and you will have none: it is your place to be humble, and to try to make yourself agreeable to them”
-Use of imagery when describing the room
-“a terrible red glare, with thick black bars”
-“I felt physically weak and broken down”

I-The diction used when talking about Jane lets the reader know that she is being treated like a slave in the house that she’s staying at. It’s important to know this because that is what makes her an outcast from the family.
-Miss Abbot says that Jane shouldn’t think of herself as an equal. This backs up Jane’s feelings of being a slave at the house.
-When describing the room the author describes it using dark words and describes it in a cold way. Imagery is used to describe just how bad the room is and the word choice of the author gives the room a sad, gloomy, lonely feeling.
- Jane feels like she is in a prison so the author describes what she sees as she first wakes up in a way that a jail cell would appear.
-by chapter three Jane has already transitioned a little by going from a girl who would not break and refused to conform to the way the family wanted her to admitting that she had broken down.

AIM # 3 pgs. 28-42

A-“..A blubbering tone commence the tale of how “that nasty Jane Eyre” had flown at him like a mad cat..”
-“Scarcely voluntarily”
“cold composed grey eye”
“- a black pillar!- such, at least, appeared to me, at first sight, the straight narrow, sable-clad shape standing erect on the rug: the grim face at the top was like a carved mask, placed above the shaft by way of capitol” –metaphor
-“wicked heart, heart of stone”
-“freedom, triumph, unhoped-for liberty”
-“winner of the field”

I-Again the author use’s mad cat to describe Jane. The words blubbering tone are used to imply that John is lying and telling a false tale as usual
-Scarcely voluntarily is interesting because she had no control over her words at this point and that’s important because she had gotten to a point where she was uncontrollable and she had broken.
-Cold composed grey eye are used when describing the look of Mrs. Reed. This allows the reader to imagine the evil look of the woman.
-She is describing the man that has come to talk to Jane and the author uses a metaphor, which has been common throughout the novel. “Like a carved mask” must mean that his face was a very defined bone structure, yet a mask is generally thought of as a something scary and false.
-Everyone thinks that Jane is this horrible person, even by first impression. By comparing her heart to stone, it’s almost as if her heart is dead.
-After finally speaking up Jane is feeling free even though she is not. She had not expected to say anything and when she did it gave her triumph and liberty.
-By saying “winner of the field,” she is comparing her argument and lifestyle to a war. She felt that she had won her first victory.

AIM # 4 pgs 43-57

A- I find that fire/fireplace and the color red are mentioned a lot throughout the book so far. It reoccurs again in chapter 5.
-Change in scenery
-“Wind rave in furious gusts, and the rain fall in torrents”
I-Maybe the warmth and the light of the fireplace and the fire give her comfort. The red I’m not so sure about. I think of evil, blood, and death.
-When she leaves the house the scenery turns into being dark, misty, and sad.
-The words being used such as rave, furious gusts, and torrents make it sound like a very strong surrounding. It’s a definite change from before and gives off again a sad tone

AIM # 5 pgs 58-72

A-“with an accompaniment of secret tears”
-“Madam, allow me an instant.- you are aware that my plan in bringing up these girls is, not to accustom them to habits of luxury and indulgence, but to render them hardy, patient, self-dying.”
-“These words fell like the knell of doom”
-“The kind whisper when to my heart like a dagger”

I-Her tears are kept a secret much like when she was at her aunts house.
-Why would he want to bring up the girls into almost like a failing way of life. Instead of giving them hope for success he is setting them up for failure and a hard life.
-The author uses a metaphor comparing words to a knell of doom, which shows just how terrible it is.
-The whisper fell to her heart like a dagger (another metaphor) because the words were basically nothing to her. They recognized that it was an accident yet they punished her anyway.

AIM # 6 73-87

A-Jane- criminal- charged with falsehood
-“Made up of equal parts of whalebone and iron”
-“Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith”
-“Often and fully, free, unwatched, and almost alone; for this unwonted liberty..”

I-Jane is being compared to a criminal because she is being treated like one that is in a jail or at least being treated like someone who did something truly wrong.
-Implying that she, nor Mr. Brocklehurst were humanlike
-Her attitude has changed drastically and she is so much happier
-She’s looking at life outside which has also undergone a transformation and she feels free

AIM # 7 88-102

A-“I sat up in bed by way of arousing this said braid: it was a chilly night; I covered my shoulders with a shawl, and then I proceeded to think again with all my might.”
-”.. A new place, in a new house, amongst new faces, under new circumstances..”
-Change in the narration

I-I’m not really sure why but it rhymes here
-It uses the word new emphasizing that she just wants to start over new
-She starts talking directly to the reader after she meets with Bessie

AIM # 8 103- 117

A-

Greek Mythology summer hw

Greek Mythology
Part One
Who were the Titans?The titans, often called Elder Gods, were supreme in the universe. They were enormous and had incredible strength.What happens to them?What characterizes the Golden Age?The Golden Age was a time of perfect peace and happiness.Zeus:How does Zeus gain power?Zeus dethroned his father and seized the power for himself.Why is he depicted as having so many extramarital affairs?The explanation why such actions were ascribed to the most majestic of the gods is that the Zeus of song and story has been made by combining many gods. When his worship spread to a town where there was already a divine ruler the two were slowly fused into one. The wife of the early god was then transferred to Zeus. Who is even stronger than Zeus?Where is his oracle?His oracle was Dadona in the land of oak trees.How does it work?The rustling of the oak leaves revealed the god’s will.What are some of the objects associated with him?Some objects associated with him are the aegis, eagle, and oak.What is the aegis?The aegis was his breastplate. Hera:Who is she and whom does she protect on earth?She is Zeus’s wife and sister and was the protector of marriage and married women were her peculiar care. Who is Ilithyia?Ilithyia was Hera’s daughter and helped women in childbirth. What city/bird/animal are associated with her?The cow and peacock were sacred to her. Argos was her favorite city.How would you describe her relationship with her husband?She was more into the relationship than him and she had to constantly watch him which shows jealously as well. Poseidon:What does he rule?He was the ruler of the sea.Who is his wife?His wife was Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the Titan, Ocean.Where does he live?He had a splendid palace beneath the sea, but was oftener to be found in Olympus.What animal does he give to mankind?He gave the first horse to man. What is he frequently called?He is frequently called “Earth-shaker.”What is the trident?The trident is a three-pronged spear, with which he would shake and shatter whatever he pleased. Hades:What does Pluto mean?Pluto is the God of Wealth.Who and what is he king of?He ruled the underworld and the dead.What does his famous cap do to whoever wears it?His cap made everyone who wore in invisible.Who is his wife?His wife was Persephone.How would you describe his personality?He was unpitying, inexorable, and probably not a very friendly person.Pallas Athena:Who were her parents?She was the daughter of Zeus alone, no mother bore her. Over whom is she the protector?She was the protector of civilized life and of handicrafts and agriculture.What did she invent?She invented the bridle, who first tamed horses for men to use. What words are frequently used to describe her?Words often used to describe her are “gray-eyed,” or “flashing-eyed.”What was her relationship like with Zeus?Zeus trusted her and she was his favorite child.What does Parthenos mean?It meant she was the chief of the three virgin goddesses.Where is the Parthenon?What is her bird/tree/city?Athens was her special city, the olive created by her was her tree, and the owl was her bird.Phoebus Apollo:Who were his parents?His parents were Zeus and Leto.Where was he born?He was born in the little island of Delos.What instrument does he play?He plays the golden lyre.What did he first teach men?He first taught men the healing art.Of what is he the god?He is the God of Light and the God of Truth.Where was his oracle?His oracle was Delphi under Parnassus. What is so special about the site?It was held to be the center of the world, no other shrine rivaled it.How does the oracle work?A priestess who went into a trance before she spoke delivered the answers to the questions asked by the anxious seekers for Truth.What is a tripod?A tripod is a three- legged stool. Who was Python?Apollo killed python and he lived in the caves of Parnassus.What does Phoebus mean?Phoebus means brilliant or shining.What is his tree/animal?The laurel was his tree and his animal was the dolphin.Artemis:What is she also called?She is also called Cynthia.Who are her parents?Her parents are Zeus and Leto.Who are the three maiden goddesses?Pallas Athena, Aartemis, and Golden Aphrodite.Describe her personality.She was wild and curious, and fierce and revengeful.What does she love to do?She loved the wild chase over the mountainsWhat is her connection to the moon?Artemis is identified with Hecate and was the moon goddess on earth.Who is Hecate?Hecate was the Goddess of the Dark of the Moon.What animal/tree is sacred to her?The cypress was sacred to her; and all wild animals, but especially the deer.Aphrodite:Of what is she the goddess?She is the goddess of Love and beauty.How is she born?She is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea.Who is her husband?Her husband is Hephaestus, the lame and ugly god of the forge.What are her tree/birds?The myrtle was her tree, and the dove was her bird and sometimes the sparrow and the swan too.How would you characterize her personality?She seems very kind and joyous.Hermes:Who are his parents?Zeus was his father and Maia was his mother.What does he look like?He was graceful and swift of motion. He were winged sandals and wings were on his low-crowned hat too, and on his magic wand. What is his magic wand called?His magic wand is called the Caduceus.What does he invent?He invented a lyre out of a tortoise’s shell.Describe his personality.He is sneaky and untrustworthy.Of what is he the god?He was God of Commerce and the Market. What is his function for the realm of the dead?He lead souls down to their last home. Ares:Who are his parents?His parents are Zeus and Hera.Of what is he the god?He is the God of War.What is his personality like?He is murderous, bloodstained and the incarnate curse of mortals. He is cowardly too.Who are his companions on the battlefield?His companions on the battlefield are his sister Eris, and Strife, her son, Enyo, Terror, Trembling, and Panic. Why are their names apt?Their names sort of explain the vibe they give. Who is his bird/animal?His bird was the vulture, and his animal was the dog. With whom does he have an illicit affair?He has an affair with Aphrodite. Hephaestus:What makes him different from the other gods?He was the only ugly and lame one.Who are his parents?His parents are Zeus and Hera, or sometimes it’s said that it is Hera alone. What is his job?His is a workman of the immortals, their armorer, and smith, who makes up their dwellings and their furnishings as well as their weapons. Who is his wife?His wife is Aglaia, in the Odyssey she is Aphrodite. Who helps him in his tasks?Handmaidens that he forged out of gold help him in his workshop.What is his relationship to volcanoes?His forge is often said to be under this or that volcano, and to cause eruptions.Whom does he protect on earth?He is the protector of the smiths.Hestia:Of what is she goddess?She is a virgin goddess and the Goddess of the Hearth.How does she fit into the Olympian family?Every newborn child has to be carried in front of her before it can be received into the family and every meal began and ended with an offering to her.What is her role in founding colonies?Each city had a public hearth sacred to her where the fire was never allowed to go out.What are the priestesses called who guard her flame in Rome?The priestesses are called Vestals.THE LESSER GODS OF OLYMPUSEros:Of what is he the god?He was the fairest of deathless gods.What is his relationship to Aphrodite?In early accounts he was not Aphrodite’s son, just her companion. Later he was her son.How it he frequently represented?He was often represented as blindfolded because love is often blind. Who are his attendants, and what do their names mean?His attendants were Anteros, the one who opposes love; Himeros, Longing; and Hymen, the God of the Wedding Feast. Hebe:Of what is she goddess?She was the Goddess of Youth.Who were her parents?Her parents were Zeus and Hera.Who does she marry?She married Hercules.What is her office at Olympus?She is cupbearer to the gods.Who is Ganymede?Ganymede is a beautiful young Trojan prince who was seized and carried up to Olympus by Zeus’s eagle.Iris:Of what is she goddess?She was the goddess of the Rainbow.What is her job?She is a messenger to the gods.The Graces:How many are there?There were three.What do their names mean?Aglaia means Splendor, Euphrosyne means Mirth, and Thalia means Good Cheer. What would they do at banquets?At the banquets they were “queens of song.”Could one go on vacation without the others?No, they are always together.Muses:How many?There were nine of them.Who are their parents?Their parents were Zeus and Mnemosyne.What are their names and their particular fields?Their names and fields are Clio, Muse of history; Urania, astronomy; Melpomene, tragedy; Thalia, comedy; Terpsichore, dance; Calliope, epic poetry; Erato, love-poetry; Polyhymnia, songs to the gods; and Euterpe, lyric poetry.Who are Themis, Dike, Nemesis and Aidos?Themis, which means Right, or Divine Justice, sat beside Zeus in Olympus. Dike, which means Human Justice, did too.The two of them never had real personalities.Nemesis, which means Righteous Anger, was like Themis and Dike.Aidos, meaning reverence and the sahme that holds men back from wrongdoing, was too. Neither Nemesis or Aidos had their home with the gods. THE GODS OF WATERSWho was Poseidon?He was the Lord and Ruler of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black see. Underground rivers were also his.Who is Triton?Triton was the trumpeter of the Sea. Who are his parents?His parents are Poseidon and Amphitrite.With what object is he associated?He’s associated with the trumpet.What are Proteus’ two useful powers?Proteus’ two useful powers are foretelling the future and changing his shape at will.Who are the Naiads?The Naiads were also water numphs. They dwelt in brooks and springs and fountains.THE UNDERWORLDWhat kind of mood exists in Hades?The mood in Hades is sort of miserable and wicked.How is it set up?There is a path that leads to where the river of woe pours into the river of lamentation. Then boatman named Charon ferries the souls of the dead across the water to the farther bank and they come to a gate. What is the role of the three judges?The three judges pass sentence and send the wicked to everlasting torment and the good to a place of blessedness called the Elysian Fields.Who are the Furies?They are placed by Virgil in the underworld, where they punish the evildoers. They are pursuing sinners on the earth. Through what gate do true dreams come?True dreams come true through the gate of horn. THE LESSER GODS OF EARTHOf what are Demeter and Dionysus, respectively, goddess and god?Demeter was the Goddess of the Corn, and Dionysus was the God of the Vine.Pan: Who is his father?Hermes is his father.He’s part animal—which animal?He has a goat’s horns and a goat’s hoofs instead of feet. Where does he live?All the wild places were his home, thickets and forests and mountains along with Arcady.What instrument does he play?He plays pipes of reed and melodies. How would you characterize his luck with the ladies?He didn’t have much luck with the ladies because he was ugly.What is the relationship between him and our word “panic”?Noises in heard in the wilderness were said to be him at night so therefore the word panic arose. Describe his personality.He was wild and probably had a low self-esteem. Silenus:What animal does he ride and why?He usually rode an ass because he was too drunk to walk.Whom does he teach?He taught Pan. What does he resemble in looks?The Sileni:Describe them.The Sileni were creatures part man and part horse. They walked on two legs, not four, but they often had horses hoofs instead of feet, sometimes horses’ ears, and always horses’ tails. The Satyrs, Dryads, or Hamadryads:Who/what are they?They were goat-men. Where do they gather?They gathered in the wilderness of the earth. Describe their appearance.In contrast to these unhuman, ugly gods the goddesses of the woodland were all lovely maiden forms. Aeolus:Of what is he king?He was Kind of the Winds.What are the Greek names of the four chief winds and their direction?The Green names are Boreas, the North Wind; Zephyr, the West Wind; Notus, the South Wind; and Eurus, the East Wind. Chiron:What type of creature is he?He was half man, half horse. For the most part they were savage creatures.What would he look like?He looks like a beast. For what is he known?He was known everywhere for his goodness and wisdom.Gorgons:What did they look like?They were dragon-like creatures with wings. The Sirens:For what are they infamous?They were known for their enchanting voices and their singing lured sailors to their death. The Fates:What is their Greek name?Their Greek name was Moirae. What do they do?They give men evil and good to have at birth. What is the meaning of Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos’ names and how do they reflect their duties?Clotho, the spinner, spun the thread of life. Lachesis, the Disposer of Lots, assigned each man his destiny. Atropos, she who could not be turned, cut the thread at death. CHAPTER TWO: THE TWO GREAT GODS OF EARTHDo you agree with Hamilton’s condemnation of the greek pantheon as mostly “harmful and capricious” in the first paragraph of this chapter?Although the immortals may have been “harmful and capricious” at times, there was obviously much more to them then just chaos and disaster therefore I do not agree with Hamilton. Demeter:Of what is she goddess?She is the Goddess of the CornWhy does Hamilton argue that Demeter has to be a woman?Hamilton says that women, at this time, were taking care of the fields while man was hunting and fighting. When is her chief festival?Her chief festival came at the harvest times, Thanksgiving. Why do we not know more about the Eleusinian Mysteries?Throughout the Greek and Roman worlds they were held in especial veneration.HOMERIC HYMN TO DEMETER AND A STUDY GUIDE TO DEMETER’S HYMNWho is Persephone?She is the only daughter of Demeter and the maiden of the spring. Where does she go?She disappeared. How does Demeter react to her disappearance?She was in terrible grief and withheld her gifts from the earth, which turned into a frozen desert. The land was icebound and lifeless because Persephone disappeared. Why does she disguise herself?She had left Olympus and didn’t want anyone to know her, plus the godsa rae not ealisy discerned by mortal men. How does Demeter try to give Demophoon immortal youth?She anointed him with ambrosia and at night she would place him in the red heart of the fire. Why isn’t she successful?She was unsuccessful because one night the mother saw her child in the fire and screamed in terror. How does Demeter suggest Eleusis can win back her good graces?She told them to build her a temple.What effect does Demeter’s grief have on the earth?The earth was most dreadful and cruel for mankind. Nothing grew and it seemed the whole race of men would die of famine. Why does Zeus pull rank on Hades and force him to return Persephone?Zeus realized the only way the earth would return to normal was if Demeter found Persephone. What is the importance of the pomegranate?If Persephone at the pomegranate seed she would have to return to Hades. What sad message does Rhea bring to Demeter?She told her that Persephone would have to go down to the world of the dead for four months a year but for the rest she could keep her. Dionysus:Of what is he god?He was the God of Vine. Why does Hamilton call Dionysus and Demeter “suffering gods”?Because they were the last Gods omitted.HOMERIC HYMN TO DIONYSUS AND STUDY GUIDEWho are Dionysus’s parents?His parents are Zeus and the Theban princess Semele.What awful fate befalls his mother?Zeus said he would do anything for her but she asked to see him in his full splendor as King of heaven and Lord of the Thunderbolt. Unfortunately no mortal could see him in it and live so she died. Why does Zeus have to uphold his promise?He had to uphold his promise because he swore on the river Styx. What is unusual about his birth?He was taken from Zeus near birth then he was born of fire and nursed by rain. Why is Dionysus’ birth of fire and childhood of rain appropriate for his function as god of the vine?It was the hard burning heat that ripens the grapes and the water that keeps the plant alive. Why do the pirates kidnap Dionysus?They kidnap him because he looked like the son of a god and they thought they could get good ransom for him. How does Dionysus exhibit his divinity to the pirates?The sail became covered in vines. What fate do the pirates suffer?The pirates were turned into dolphins, all except the good helmsman. Who are the Maenads or Bacchantes?They were women frenzied with wine. What do they look like?They were crazy and they ran around with pine-cone-tipped wands, swept away in a fierce ecstasy. How do the followers of Dionysus differ in their worship from the attendees of the other gods?The madwomen did not have temples; they went to the wilderness to worship, to the wildest mountains, and the deepest forests. What are the two ideas present in the worship of this god?The two ideas were of freedom and ecstatic joy and of savage brutality. Why does Dionysus return to Thebes?He wanted to establish his worship there.Who is Pentheus?Pentheus is the King of Thebes and the son of Semele’s sister. Why does he ignore the advice of Tiresias and the band of soldiers?He ignores him because when he looked back at him he was tricked out like the wild women. What awful fate does Pentheus experience?The women thought of him as a wild beast and tore him limb from limb.Why do you think Dionysus encouraged his demise?Probably to show his power and to prove that he was a god.What, besides viticulture, is Dionysus’ greatest gift to the world?People were given liquid courage and it was life giving. Where is his festival celebrated?It’s celebrated in GreeceWhat does the ceremony entail?It lasted for five days and they were days of perfect peace and enjoyment. All ordinary business of life stopped. No one could be put in prison and prisoners were even released so they could celebrate. Why and how does Dionysus die every year?He died with the coming of the cold. STUDY GUIDE FOR CH. 3: HOW THE WORLD AND MANKIND WERE CREATEDWhat is the world like before the gods came on the scene?Before the gods came on the scene, there was only the formless confusion of Chaos brooded over by unbroken darkness. Night and Erebus are the first two children of Chaos. Who is their child?Love is the child of Night and Erebus. How is that child conceived?A wind-born egg was placed in the bosom of Erebus. Why is this child so important for later developments?With the birth of Love, order and beauty began to banish blind confusion. Later, Love created Light with its companion, Day. With the coming of love and light, it seemed natural that the earth should also appear. What is Hamilton’s theory about the personification of the Earth and heaven?Hamilton said that earth was the solid ground, yet vaguely a personality too, and Heaven was the blue vault on high, but it acted in some ways as a human being would. Why does that personification blossom with the introduction of later figures?Everything that moved and/or changed was personified. The storytellers were setting the scene for the appearance of mankind. Who are the first creatures to have the appearance of life?The first creatures were the children of Mother Earth and Father Heaven. Who comes next?The Titans were next. How are they different than the monsters?They are different because they were not purely destructive. Who injures Heaven?Titan CronusHow and why?He lay in wait for his father and wounded him terribly because he treated them badly. What springs from the blood of the injured Heaven?The Giants, the fourth race of monsters, sprang up from his blood. The Erinyes were also born. Why does Zeus eventually overthrow Cronus?Zeus had eaten his children at birth because he knew they were destined to take the throne. How does Rhea fool Cronus?She gave him a stone wrapped in a blanket rather than the last baby. How does Zeus rescue his siblings?He forced Cronus to disgorge the children. What happens to the stone that fools Cronus?The stone was set up at Delphi where eons later a great traveler reports that he saw it. Who helps Cronus in the war?His brother Titans helped him. Who are Zeus’ allies?Zeus’ allies are the hundred-handed monsters. How does Zeus punish his enemies after they lose?They were bound in bitter chains beneath the earth for nine days. Who is Atlas and what is his fate?Atlas is Prometheus’ brother. His fate was to bear on his back forever the cruel strength of the crushing world and the vault of the sky.Who then must Zeus fight to become undisputed world champion?He had to fight Typhon, the son of Earth. Who are the Cimerians?The Cimerians lived on the further bank of the great river. The Hyperboreans?They liven in a blissful land in the back of the North Wind. Where is the realm of the dead?On the oceans bank where the West Wind sang soft and thrillingly to refresh the souls of men. How was man created?According to some peoplePrometheus fashioned them in a nobler shape than animals since Epimetheus gave the animals all the good qualities. Others say the gods themselves created men. They first made a golden race who lived like gods. What do Prometheus’ and Epimetheus’ names mean, and why are they apt?Prometheus’ name means forthought and that’s because he thinks before he acts. Epimetheus’ name means afterthough because he was very scatterbrained and acted on impulse then changed his mind. Why is Epimetheus a dunderhead?Epimetheus gave the animals all of the good qualities of protection and what notHow does Prometheus come to man’s aid?Prometheus makes mankind superior by making them standing upright and lit up the sun. Describe the various ages of man, starting with gold and ending with iron. First was gold then came silver. The second race of silver was inferior to the first and had little intelligence so they passed away. Unlike gold, when silver died their spirits did not live on. The next race was brass. They were terrible yet immensely strong and loved violence. Next were godlike heroes and then came the iron race. How are the men like the metal that gives their age its name?During the golden age men were very superior and their spirits lived on. What two gripes does Zeus have against Prometheus?Prometheus cared so much for men and when he had to choose between the two ox meals he tricked Zeus into picking the bones so that the good meat was left for man. How does Zeus get revenge?He made a great evil for men. What does Pandora’s name mean and why is it apt?Pandora’s name means the gift of all. This is apt because she was supposed to be an evil gift to man and she was the first woman created and from her the race of women began. Hamilton calls Pandora a “beautiful disaster.” Do you agree?No I don’t agree. Why/why not?Although she was created to be a disaster she was really a gift to mankind and she was the creator or women. What is in Pandora’s infamous box?Plagues and sorrows for mankind. Why does she open it?She opened it because she was curious and was told not to. What is the result?The result is that many evils were put into the Earth and Hope was as well. What does not come screeching out of the box, and why is it appropriate for hope to remain?It is appropriate for hope to remain because to this day mankind’s sole comfort in misfortune comes from hope. How does Zeus personally punish Prometheus for helping mankind?Zeus had his servants, Force and Violence, seize him and take him to the Caucasus, where they bound him to a high-piercing, headlong rock in adamantine chains that none can break. What does Prometheus know that could help Zeus in the future?Prometheus knew who would be the mother of the son that would eventually dethrone Zeus. In light of the fate placed on Zeus, what do you think of his philandering?He should have bribed Prometheus in a nice way to get information out of him. How does Prometheus escape?It was said that generations later Chiron took his place. It has also been said that Hercules slew the eagle and delivered Prometheus from his bonds. Does the Deluge remind you of any other stories?Yes Why does Zeus send the flood?He wanted to put an end to mortal men so he drowned the land.How many days does it rain?It rained for nine days and nine nights. Who is saved?Deucalion and PyrrhaHow?They were in a great wooden chest. Why is Zeus not angry at their survival?He was not offended because the two were pious, faithful worshipers of the gods. What are they urged to do?They were told, “Veil your heads and cast behind you the bones of your mother.”At what solution do they arrive?Although they were uneasy at first, but after understanding the meaning, they did. How is the new race born?The Stone People were made out of stones that fell and took human shape. STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER FOUR: EARLY HEROESEuropa:How does Zeus fall in love with Europa?He was shot by Cupid’s arrow.What does Zeus change himself into when he appears before Europa for the first time?He changed himself into a bull. Where does Zeus take Europa after they cross the sea?He was taking her to Crete, his own island. The Cyclops Polyphemus:Who lands his boat on the Cyclops’s land?Odysseus, a Greek prince. How does Odysseus damage Polyphemus’s eye?They stabbed his eye with a red-hot spike. Who is Polyphemus’s father?His father is Poseidon. With whom does Polyphemus fall in love?He falls in love with Galatea. Why is it natural for flowers to be connected with the gods?They were a direct creation of a god for his own purpose and they were beautiful. Narcissus:How does Zeus use the narcissus flower to help Hades lure Persephone?He creates beautiful flowers that she couldn’t resist and just as she went to grab them Hades came up on horses and took her away with him. Why does Hera punish Echo?Because of Echo’s’s wandering fancy had alighted so with her usual injustice, she turned against Echo. How does she punish her?She punishes her by turning her into another unhappy girl and condemned her never to use her tongue again except to repeat what was said to her. What happens to Echo after she is rejected by Narcissus?She hid in a lonely cave forever after that. How does Nemesis punish Narcissus?He prays for him to love himself. How does death set Narcissus free?He couldn’t leave his reflection and he said only death could set him free. What happens to Narcissus’s body after he dies?Since they couldn’t find the body where it had lain there was a blooming new flower called Narcissus. Hyacinthus:How does Hyacinthus die?He was slain in a contest with Apollo. What happens to Hyacinthus after he dies?It becomes a flower, the hyacinth. Adonis:What is the name of Adonis’s flower?The windflower. With which two goddesses does Adonis split his time?Persephone and Aphrodite both loved him. What seasons does he spend with each?He spent the autumn and winter with the Queen of the Dead, and the spring and summer with the Goddess of Love and Beauty. How does Adonis die?He hurled a spear at a boar but it only wounded it so the boar attacked him and gored him with its great tusks. STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER FIVE: CUPID AND PSYCHEWhy is Venus so jealous of Psyche?People would say that Venus herself couldn’t equal the mortal because she was so beautiful and she began to be neglected. What does Venus tell her son Cupid to do to Psyche?She told him to make Psyche fall in love with the most despicable creature in the whole world. How does Psyche feel about going to meet her destined husband?She kept her courage.How does the rest of her family feel?Her family was in despairing grief. Why?Because they were leaving the lovely helpless creature to meet her doom alone. Where is Psyche taken when she goes to the hilltop?She is taken down to a grassy meadow. What is surprising about the atmosphere and the way she is treated?It was such a peaceful atmosphere and she was given a mansion and had servants telling her to bathe and refresh herself. How do Psyche’s sisters react when they visit her and see all of her wealth?Her sisters were very envious and jealous. What is significant about the story they make up about her husband?They said that he was the fearful serpent that Apollo’s oracle had declared he would be. They said that he would turn upon her some night and devour her. What is the plan that Psyche carries about one evening?She lights the lamp above him to see what he looks like.Why is she shocked at her findings?She sees that he’s not a monster at all and he was good looking. Who does her husband turn out to be and what does he do/say when he sees her?Her husband turns out to be to God of Love and he told her there cannot be love where there is no trust. Psyche searches everywhere for her husband. Where does she finally find him and what is he doing there?She finds him at Venus’s house. What are the four things that Venus makes Psyche do out of bitterness and envy?She makes her sort out grain, make her half starve, fetch shining wool, and get black water from the river. How does Psyche manage to accomplish them?She gets help from other creatures. For example: ants and an eagle. Does her story at this point remind you of any others you might have read?Not really. Why does Psyche open the box of beauty, and what happens when she does?She was very curious and she wanted to see what that beauty-charm in the box was. Right when she opened it a deadly languor took possession of her and she fell into a heavy sleep. How and why does Psyche become immortal?Psyche and Cupid got formally married and she became immortal. Is Venus satisfied with this situation?Yes she was. Why or why not?Venus would have the attention back on her because Psyche and Cupid would be in the heavens.What does the name Psyche mean?Psyche means the soul. STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER SIX: EIGHT BRIEF TALES OF LOVERSOrpheus and Eurydice:At what is Orpheus skilled?He is a musician and played the lyre. After Orpheus and Eurydice are married, what happens to Eurydice?She died. How does this happen?She was walking through a meadow and a viper struck her. Where does Orpheus decide to go?He decides he is going to go down to the underworld and try to bring Eurydice back. What does Orpheus ask?He asks if Hades will lend Eurydice to him until the end of her years. What are the conditions of the agreement?Hades agrees but says that he cannot look back at her until they are back on the upper world. What happens when Orpheus breaks the condition?When he breaks the condition she is gone in an instant. Pygmalion and Galatea:At what is Pygmalion skilled?He was a gifted young sculptor. What does Pygmalion hate?He hates women. Of what does he make a statue, how does he feel about it?His statue was of a woman and he fell in love with it. Why?It was perfect and it was all his. What god/goddess helps Pygmalion?Venus helps Pygmalion. What does Pygmalion ask of the god/goddess?He asked that he might find a maiden like his statue. Why does Pygmalion think something favorable will happen?Because of the flame on the alter. What does he find when he goes home?He found that the statue was warm and had a pulse, it was alive. Whom does Pygmalion marry?He ends up marrying the statue. STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER SEVEN: JASON AND THE ARGONAUTSWho is the king of Greece?Athamas is the king of Greece. What is the state of his marriage?He got tired of his first wife and married another. How does Ino plan to get rid of the King’s children?She got a corn-seed and made it so that corn wouldn’t harvest and then told the oracle that the only way to harvest again would be to sacrifice the son. How is her plan thwarted?The later Greeks thought that was a horrible idea. What happens to Phrixus?The Colchians were kind to Phrixus. How does he thank the gods and the King?He sacrificed the ram to Zeus and gave the Golden Fleece to the king. Who is Jason?Jason was the king’s son, which makes him Phrixus’ cousin. What has he sent out to do?He had been sent secretly away to a place of safety and when he was grown he came boldly back to claim the kingdom from his wicked cousin. Who is Philias?Philias is the cousin of Jason and he took the kingdom away from his uncle. On what terms will Philias give Jason his kingdom?Philias tells him that they must bring back the Golden Fleece and thus bring back the spirit of Phrixus. Who joins Jason on his journey?The best and the noblest young men of Greece. Which god protects them?Hera protects them. What is the name of the ship?The ships name was Argo.What is Lemnos and who are the people living there?Lemnos is a strange island where only women lived. What happens to Hercules?The Argonauts lost Hercules from the company. Who were the Harpies?The harpies were frightful flying creatures with hooked beaks and claws who always left behind them a loathsome stench. Who was Phineus?He was a foreteller given the gift of prophesy from Apollo. How is he punished?Zeus made it so that everytime the old man was about to dine, the Harpies would swoop down and take the food. How do Jason and his companions help him?Some set forth to get him food and Boreas’ sons took their stand beside him with drawn swords. What advice does Phineus give Jason?He gave them advise about the dangers before them, in especial about the Clashing Rocks and much more. Who are the Amazons?They are the daughters of the warrior women. What does Hera ask Aphrodite to do?She wants Aphrodite’s son, Cupid, to make the daughter of the Colchian King fall in love with Jason. Why?The maiden knew how to work very powerful magic and could undoubtedly save the Argonauts if she would use her dark knowledge for them. What is Cupid told to do?Aphrodite told Cupid she would give him a lovely plaything if she made the maiden fall in love with Jason. How does this action effect Medea?The arrow burned in her heard like a flame and her soul melted with sweet pain and her face went white then red. Amazed and abashed she stole back to her chamber. For what does Jason ask King Aeetes, and what is his response?He asks for the Golden Fleece. Although the King was angry at first, he decided that if they proved themselves as brave men he would give it to them. What is the trial the king gives Jason?His trial was to yoke two bulls he had whos feet were of bronze and whose breath was flaming fire. Then the teeth of a dragon must be cast into the furrows like seed-corn. How and why does Medea help him?Medea loved him and so she gave him an ointment that would make him safe for that day. For what is the rock?If he threw the stone at the men they would all turn on eachother and eventually kill eachother. What guards the fleece?A terrible serpent guarded the fleece. What does Media trick Pelias’s daughters into doing?She tricks them into killing Pelias by chopping him up to “make him young again”How does Jason upset Medea?Medea had become an exile and she was mad because of all the things she sacrificed for Jason. What does she threaten?She threatens him about all the things she did for him. Who does Medea find caused her to fall for Jason?She finds out that it was really Aphrodite that made her fall in love with him. How does she react?She was very angry and wanted revenge on Jason and his bride. What does Medea give to Jason’s bride?She gives her a robe full of drugs that kill her. What happens to her?She dies. What does Medea do after the murder?She kills her sons as well. What is Jason’s response?He wants to kill her. STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER EIGHT: FOUR GREAT ADVENTURESPhaethon:Who is Phaethon’s mother?Clymene is his mother. Why does Phaethon seek out the Sun god?He wants to know if he is his father. What does Phaethon ask to do?He wants to take his father’s place for a day and have his car to drive. Why is the Sun reluctant to allow this request?He says that nobody besides him can drive it. Describe the route the Sun travels daily.The road he takes rises up from the sea so steeply that the horses can hardly climb it and it goes in midheaven so high that even he does not like to look down. It is also a struggle to control the horses as they climb. What is the road like?The road goes very steep at points and passes beasts.The horses?The horses are hard to control going uphill. The monsters?The monsters try to harm you. As soon as Phaethon drives the chariot, what do the horses realize?They had realized that it was not their master driving which gave them the power. How do they react?They started to control the car and go fast. They left the road and went where they pleased. What happens to the world during Phaethon’s ride?They set the world on fire. What does Mother Earth request?Mother Earth cried for help from Olympus. How does Jove react?Jove sends down a thunderbold at the driver. What happens to Phaethon?He was struck and he died and was buried. Pegasus and Bellerophon:Who is Glaucus?Glaucus was King of Ephyre and the son of Sisyphus. How does he bring the wrath of the gods upon himself?He had fed the horses human flesh, which made the gods angry. What is his fate?He was thrown from his chariot and his horses devoured him. Who is rumored to be Bellerophon’s father?Poisedon, ruler of the sea, was his rumored father. Who is his mother?Eurynome is his mother.Why does it seem likely he is the son of a god?His surpassing gifts of spirit and body made it likely. What does Bellerophon want?He wanted Pegasus, a marvelous horse which had sprung from the Gorgon’s blood when Perseaus killed her. Who is Polyidus?He is the wise seer of Ephyre. What does he advise Bellerophon to do?He advised him to go to Athena’s temple and sleep there because the gods often spoke to men in their dreams. What is Bellerophon given so he can gain Pegasus?A bridle all of gold was given to him. Who gives it to him?Athena gave it to him. Why does Anteia want her husband to kill Bellerophon?Anteia fell in love with him and when he would have nothing to do with her she told her husband that he had wronged her and she wanted him dead. Why will he not do so?He would not because Bellerophon had eaten as his table and he coul dnot bring himself to use violence against him. What does he do instead?He sends him to deliver a letter to the King of Lycia. What does the letter to the King of Lycia read?The letter said that he wanted Bellerophon dead. What does the king do in response?The king does not kill him for the same reason that Proetus wouldn’t. Name three great beings Bellerophon conquered.He conquered the Chimaera, the Solymi, and the Amazons. Did Bellerophon and Proetus ever reconcile?Yes, they became friends and he gave him his daughter to marry. How?He was won over by his courage and his good fortune. What eventually causes the beginning of Bellerophon’s demise?He made the gods angry. How does he die?He wandered alone and devoured his own souls and avoided the paths of men until he died. What happens to Pegasus after Bellerophon’s death?Pegasus found shelter in the heavenly stalls of Olympus. Daedalus:What is Daedulus’ profession?He was the architect. What famous object does he build?He built the Labyrinth for the Menotaur in Crete.Who is Daedulus’ son?Icarus. Why does king Menos imprison Daedulus and his son?When King Menos learned that the Athenians found their way out of the building, he was convinced that Daedalus helped so he and his son were imprisoned. How do Daedulus and his son escape?He makes wings for the two of them. Of what does Daedulus warn his son?He tells him not to fly to high because the son might melt the glue on the wings and they would fall off.What happens when his son does not heed this warning?When his son doesn’t listen, his wings fall off and the waters closed over him. How does King Minos know where he is?Because when he finds out that someone made their way through all the twists and turns of a spiraled shell, he knows that only Daedulus would do that. What happens to King Minos?He was slain.STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER NINE: PERSEUSWhat does the priestess tell King Acrisius about his daughter, Danae?He told him that his daughter would have a son that would kill him. Why does Acrisius refuse to kill his daughter?He had a fear of the Gods. Who visits Danae in her chamber?Zeus visits her.In what form?He is in a form of gold. Who is Perseus?He is the son of Danae and Zeus. What does Acrisius do to make sure that his grandson will not kill him?He put them in a chest and sent them out to sea. Who discovers Danae and Perseus?A fisherman named Dictys. What does he do with them?He takes them back to the house.Why does Polydectes want to kill Perseus?He wanted Danae but not her son. What is his plan?He told him that he wanted the head of a Gorgon more than anything else. What happens to anyone who lays eyes on Medusa?They are instantly turned into stone. What is Hermes’ plan to find the way to the nymphs of the North?They must go to the Gray Women. What does Hermes give to Perseus?He gave him a sword. Why is it special?It could not be bent or broken. What does Athena give Perseus?A shield of polished bronze. How will it help him?He can use it as a mirror to avoid the deadly power of medusa. What gifts do the Hyperboreans give to Perseus?They gave him winged sandals, a magic wallet, and an invisible cap. What do the three Gorgons look like?They were creatures with great wings and bodies covered with golden scales and hair a mass of twisting snakes. Why can only Perseus kill Medusa?He has the mirror so he doesn’t have to look at her. Why is Andromeda being punished?Her mother claimed superiority over deitys. What is her punishment?She was put on a ledge by the sea with chains waiting for the monsters to devour her. What does Perseus do to the great snake?He cut off its head. Why?He loved Andromeda. What happens when Perseus enters the banquet?He shows everyone the head of Medusa and they’re all turned into stone. What becomes of Acrisius?He was struck by a discus and died.Who keeps Medusa’s head?Her head was given to Athena. What does she do with it?She bore it upon the aegis. Who is Electryon?He is the son of Perseus and Andromeda. STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER TEN: THESEUSWhat are the terms for Theseus to receive his father’s gifts?Once he was strong enough to move the rock he could get them.Why does Theseus not want to travel by sea?He said the voyage was safe and easy. Who is his role model?HerculesWhat is his relationship to him?They were cousins.What are Theseus’s ideas of dealing with justice?What each had done to otheres, Theseus did to him. When he arrives at Athens, why is he an acknowledged hero?He cleared the land of the banes to travelers. Why does the King want to poison Theseus?He is afraid that his popularity will make him king. Whose original plan is it?It was Medea’s plan. Why?She had an influence over Aegeus and she didn’t want a son in the picture. Does Theseus become poisoned?No.Explain.He wants to make himself known to his father and the king recognized it and dashed the cup to the ground. Why does Minos demand fourteen youths and maidens?He was angry with Athens and declared that he would raze it to the ground unless every nine years he was sent youths and maidens.What/who is Minotaur?The minotaur was a monster, half bull, half human.What happens to these youths?They’re devoured. What are Theseus’s true intentions in offering himself?He intended on killing the Minotaur.Who is Ariadne?Minos’s daughter. What happens when she first sees Theseus?She fell in love at first sight.Who does she consult for help?She sent for DaedalusWhat is his advice?To have a ball of thread and fasten one end to the inside of the door and unwind as he went on. How does Theseus kill Menotaur?He battered him with his fists until he died. Does Ariadne make it to Athens?No.Why?She either died or Theseus left her on shore when she was sleeping. Why does Theseus’s father kill himself?Theseus forgot to change the color of the flagWho takes over Athens?Thesus became the King of Athens.Explain the new government in Athens.He wanted a people’s government where all would be equal. Who bears Theseus a son?Hippolyta.What is the son’s name?HippolytusWho is Theseus’s friend?PirithousWho are the Centaurs?They were creatures that had the body of a horse and the chest and face of a man.What happens at the wedding?Theseus battled the centaurs.Whom does Theseus want to marry?He wants to marry Helen.Whom does Pirithous want to marry?Pirithous wants to marry Persephone.When the friends go to the underwold, who knows their plan?Lord of Hades knew their intentions.What is the fate of Pirithous?He has to sit forever.Of Theseus?He was freed by his cousin.Whom does Theseus marry?PhaedraWhat is her relation to Ariadne?It’s her sister.Who falls in love with Hippolytus?PhaedraWho is behind it?Aphrodite.Why?She was angry at Hippolytus and determined to punish him to the utmost.What happens when Hippolytus rejects Phaedra?She kills herself.What does Phaedra leave behind?She leaves a letter behind.What does it say?It says, “O dearest and best, Are you last desires written here? This is your seal- yours who will never more smile up at me”How does Theseus react?He curses upon HippolytusWhat is Hippolytus’s fate?He became an exile.What does Artemis tell Theseus?He told him the truth.After death of Hippolytus, where does Theseus go?He went to the cour of King Lycomedes.How does he die?The king killed him.STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER ELEVEN: HERCULESHercules is honored as the greatest hero of Greece except where?The Athens.Whom do they consider to be the greatest hero?TheseusWhy does Hercules consider himself an equal to the gods?He had supreme confidence and magnificent physical strength.Who is Hercules willing to fight to get an answer from the oracle?ApolloWhat is the only thing that can overcome Hercules?A supernatural forceHow does Hercules show a greatness of soul?He shows a great amount of emotionWhere is Hercules born?ThebesWho are Hercules’ mortal parents?He was the son of AmphitryonWho is his biological father?ZeusWhat does Hercules do when the two snakes approach his crib?He grabbed them and killed themWhom does Hercules first kill by accident?A musicianWhom does Hercules first marry?Princess MegaraWhat happens to him after he and his wife have three sons?He went madWhat happens to them?He killed themWho causes this to happen?Hera had sent him madnessWho stops Hercules from trying to kill himself?TheseusTo whom does the priestess tell Hercules to go?To his cousin Eurystheus, King of Mycenae.Why?He needed to be purified and only a terrible penance could do that.How many labors does Hercules have to complete?TwelveWho helps Eurystheus devise these labors?HeraWho is in love with the girl Hercules wants to marry?AchelessWhat happens to him?Hercules conquered him and broke off one of his hornsWho becomes Hercules’ wife?DeianiraWith whom does Hercules spend the night on his way to get to the man-eating mares of Diomedes?His friend AdmetusWhy does Admetus’ wife die?She offered to die in place of AdmetusWhy does Hercules bring Alcestis back from the dead?He felt bad and Admetus was a good host and a good friend to him so he wanted to return the favor.What aspects of Hercules’ character are clearly evident in the story of Admetus and Alcestis, considering the ancient Greeks’ perspective?His simplicity and blundering stupidity; his inability not to get roaring drunk in a house where someone was dead; his quick penitence and desire to make amends no matter what cost; his perfect confidence that not even Death was his match. Whose city does Hercules capture?King EurytusWhy?Because he himself had been punished by Zeus for killing Eurytus’ sonWhat does the man say to Deianira?He told her Hercules was madly in love with the princessWhat does the Centaur Nessus say his blood would do?It would be a charm for Hercules if he ever loved another woman more than herWhat does Deianira do when she hears what her gift had done to Hercules?She kills herselfWhom does Hercules marry when he goes to heaven?Hera’s daughter, Hebe.STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER TWELVE: ATLANTAWhat does Atalanta’s father do to her when she is born?He left her on a mountain side to die of cold and hungerWho takes care of Atalanta after her father abandons her?A she-bear took care of herWhat is the situation with the two centaurs?They were going to pursue her and she took an arrow to her bow and killed them bothWhom does Calydon send to punish King Orneus and why?The Calydonian boar. This was because he forgot her when he was sacrificing the first fruits to the gods at the harvest time.Describe Atalanta when she joins the Argo.She looked too maidenly to be a boy and too boyish to be a maiden.Who falls in love with her?MeleagerWho wounds the boar, and how is it wounded?Atalanta was the first to strike it with her arrowWho finishes killing the boar?MeleagerWho opposes giving the skin to Atalanta?Meleager’s unclesWho is Meleager’s mother?AltheaHow is the boar hunt the cause of Meleager’s death?Althea snatched the brand from the fire and when she heard about what Meleager did she threw it in the fire and he died. What does Meleager do to them?He kills themWho does Atalanta beat in a wrestling match?PeleusWith whom does she reconcile?With her parents.Discuss Atalanta’s conditions for marrying.She said she would marry whoever could beat her in a foot race.How does her husband succeed?He threw golden apples so it slowed her down picking them upWhich goddess helps him?AphroditeWhat was Atalanta’s son’s name?ParthenopaeusInto what kind of animals are Atalanta and Meleager turned?They were turned into lionsSTUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE TROJAN WARPrologue: The judgement of ParisWhat does Eris throw into the banqueting hall to cause trouble among the goddesses?A golden apple marked “For the Fairest”Why?Because she wasn’t invited. What are the three things that Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite offer paris?Hera promised to make him Lored of Europe and Asia; Athena that he would lead the Trojans to victory against the Greeks and lay Greece in ruins; and Aphrodite that the fairest woman in all the world should be his. Whom does Paris choose?AphroditeThe Trojan War:Who is the most beautiful woman in the world?HelenWho is her biological father?ZeusWho is chosen to be her husband?MenelausWhat does paris do officially to spark the Trojan War?He stole away HelenWhy do the chieftains of Greece help Menelaus against Troy?He called for help from all of GreeceWhich two of the Chieftains were missing at first?Odysseus and AchillesWhy?Odysseus didn’t want to leave his house and family and pretended to have gone mad. Archilles was kept back by his mother.Why is Artmeis angry at the Greeks?One of her beloved wild creatures, a hard, had been slain by the Greeks. What does she demand of them to calm the wind and ensure a safe voyage to Troy?To sacrifice her royal maiden, Iphigenia.Do they do what she asks?YesWhy is it brave for Protesilaus to be the first to leap ashore?The oracle said he who landed first would be first to dieWho is the greatest of the Trojan warriors?HectorOf the Greek warriors?ArchillesWhat does each of them know will happen to them before Troy is taken?Both knew they would die beforeFor how many years does Victory go back and forth?For nine yearsWhat two Greeks have a fight that turns outcome in favor of the Trojans?Archilles and AgamemnonWhat is the fight about?A woman was the reason for itWhich gods are on the side of the Trojans?ApolloWhich are on the side of the Greeks?PoisedonWhat does Aphrodite do to protect Paris when he fights alone against Menelaus?She tore away the strap that kept the helmet on so that it came away in Menelaus’ hand.What happens to keep the Greeks and Trojans from coming to an agreement?Hera said that the war shouldn’t end until Troy was ruined. Then Athena persuaded Pandarus to shoot an arrow at Menelaus and the battle was back on.Who almost dies at the hand of Diomedes?HectorWho tries to stop Diomedes?AeneasAre they successful?noHow is Ares stopped when he is fighting for Hector with the Trojans?Athena urged Diomedes to smite the terrible god with no fearDoes this loss hurt the Trojans?Yes, they were forced to fall backHow do the Trojans try to fix it?They go to the Queen to offer to Athena the most beautiful robe she owned and pray her to have mercy.Why does Zeus leave Olympus and go to help the Trojans himself?He had made a promis to Thetis to avenge Achilles’ wrong doing.What nickname do the Trojans give Hector?Tamer of the HorsesHow do the Greeks try to appease Achilles?With splendid giftsWhat is his response?He refusedWhat is Hera’s plan?She would go to Zeus looking good so he would want her then she would pour sleeping stuff on him so he would forget the Trojans.Does it work?YesHow does Hector escape harm?Aeneas lifted him and bore him away before he was wounded.Who has been helping the Greeks against Zeus’ wishes?PoseidonWho stops the Greeks from conquering Troy?ZeusHow?He calls for Poseidon to withdraw from the field. Who revives Hector?ApolloTo whom does Achilles give his armor and men?PatroclusWhy?He wants them to think he is AchillesWhat happens when patroclus meets Hector face to face?Hector’s spear gave him a mortal wound and his soul fled from his bodyWho gets Achilles’ armor?HectorWhy does Achilles enter the fight again?Marvelous arms were brought and a flame of fierce joy blazed in Achilles eyes.Who makes his new armor?HephaestusWho is appointed by Zeus to die during this battle?Why does Hector not flee into Troy?Who accompanies Achilles in battle?Why does Hector stop his flight around the walls of Troy?Who does he think is his ally?Who I sit really?What covenant does Hector try to make with Achilles?Does Achilles accept?Does Achilles succeed in killing Hector the first time he throws his spear?Who brings it back to him?Why doesn’t Hectors spear kill Achilles?What does Achilles do with Hector’s body?What three gods on Olympus do not mind the abuse of the dead?How does the King regain Hector’s body?How many days do they mourn Hector?Describe the funeral.STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER FOURTEEN: THE FALL OF TROYWhy did Apollo guide the arrow into Achilles’ hell?How had Achilles’ mother been careless?What did Athena do to Ajaz?When Ajax saw what he had done, what did he say?What did he do?What did the prophet Helenus predect about the war?When Paris was wounded, what did he request?What happened to him and to Oenone?What plan did Odysseus craft in order to infiltrate Troy?What story does Sinon tell to the Trojans?What happens to Laocoon and how does this affect the Trojan’s reaction?Describe the battle.What did some of the quick-witted Trojans do?What is Priams’s fate?Who was the only god(dess) to help the Trojan’s that day?What happens to her son?Identify Hecuba.How did the fall of her family mark the end of Troy?STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE ADVENTURES OF ODYSSEUSWhich two gods are the Greeks’ greatest allies?Why do these gods later punish them?What power does Apollow give to Cassandra?Why does Apollow turn against her?What is Cassandra’s fate?What happens to Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Ajax after they leave Troy?Which chracteristic causes Ajax’s downfall?How long does Odysseus wander before he sees his home?Who is Penelope?What task does she want to complete before she will marry any of her suitors?Why is the task never completed?Why does Athena favor Odysseus?Which god has no sympathy for Odysseus?Who is Telemachus?What is his personality like?What disguise does Athena take?What does she instruct Telemachus to do?Which two men most likely know something about Odysseus’ fate?Whose form does Athena take the second time she appears to Telemachus?To which god do Nestor and his sons offer a sacrifice?Why does Menelaus have a hold down Proteus?Under what do he and his men hide?Which nymph keeps Odysseus?Of what are Hermes’s sandals made?What powers are in his wand?Why does Calypso not want to free Odysseus?What does she make for Odysseus?Who spots Odysseus on the sea?Why does Odysseus not want to die in the storm?Who helps Odysseus in the storm?What does she tell Odysseus to do?Who calms the waves?To whom does the country belong?What is their way of life?Who finds Odysseus in the trees?What does she set out to do?How do she and her servants complete their work?What does she do for Odysseus?Why can’t she take him to her father herself?Odysseus’ Tale at Court of the Phaeacians:Ten days after leaving Troy, why does Odysseus have to tie down some of his men?Why is Poseidon angry with Odysseus?What does King Aeolus give Odysseus?What is in it?Why does he give it to him?What does his crew do to it?What happens as a result?Who destroys the whole fleet except for Odysseus’ ship?Who lives on Aeaea?What happens to Odysseus’ remaining crew?How does Odysseus avoid their fate?Who tells Odysseus how to save himself?What eventually haoppens to the crew?How is Odysseus told to get to the entrance to hades?Whom is he supposed to consult?What is Odysseus supposed to do to make him come?To whose island is Odysseus to go next?Who lives there, and why are they harmful?To avoid these people, what does Odysseus order the crew to do to themselves and himself?At the Island of the Sun, what are Odysseus and his crew not to do?What does the crew do, and what happens to them?What do the King of the Phaeacians and the chiefs give Odysseus before he leaves the island?Where does Odysseus wake up?Who is disguised as a shepherd?As what does Athena disguise Odysseus?Where does Telemachus go before going back to his house?Whom does he find there?What does Odysseus tell Telemachus to hide?Who is Argos, and what does he do after he recognizes Odysseus?What does Odysseus tell Penelope when she calls for him?What two challenges does Penelope give the suitors?Who completes the challenges?After the fight, whom does Odysseus spare?How does Odysseus finally prove himself to Penelope?